Sodium Seconal
Origin and History
Sodium Seconal, also known as secobarbital sodium, is a barbiturate that has been used as a sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic since the mid-20th century. Initially developed to treat insomnia, anxiety, and seizures, Sodium Seconal became widely known for its use in assisted suicide and euthanasia due to its potent ability to induce coma and death at high doses. Over time, the drug was largely replaced by newer, safer medications, but it is still used in specific cases such as physician-assisted death in jurisdictions where this practice is legal.
Chemical Formula
The chemical formula for secobarbital sodium is C12H17N2NaO3.
Mechanism of Action
Sodium Seconal works by depressing the central nervous system. It binds to GABA receptors, which enhances the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inhibits brain activity. At therapeutic doses, it causes sedation and sleep. At higher doses, it leads to severe CNS depression, including respiratory suppression, coma, and death.
Lethal Dose
The lethal dose of Sodium Seconal for humans is approximately 2-4 grams. When used in assisted suicide, the typical dose is around 9-10 grams, which ensures a fatal outcome by causing the cessation of respiration and cardiac arrest.
Symptoms of Overdose
Symptoms of Sodium Seconal overdose can occur quickly and include:
- Severe drowsiness
- Loss of motor control
- Confusion and slurred speech
- Shallow or labored breathing
- Coma
- Respiratory failure
- Death
Time Needed to Kill
When taken at lethal doses, Sodium Seconal typically takes effect within 20-30 minutes, leading to deep sleep and unconsciousness. Death from respiratory arrest generally occurs within 1-3 hours after ingestion.
Detection in Autopsy
Sodium Seconal can be detected during an autopsy through toxicological analysis of the blood, urine, and tissues. Testing methods like gas chromatography or mass spectrometry can identify the presence of secobarbital, confirming an overdose as the cause of death.
Antidote
There is no specific antidote for Sodium Seconal overdose, but treatment includes supportive care. Activated charcoal can be administered to limit absorption, and mechanical ventilation may be necessary to assist breathing. If the overdose is caught early, the prognosis may improve with immediate medical intervention.
